Roman Numerals: Rules, Conversion Chart, and How to Write Any Number
Master the 7 Roman numeral symbols (I, V, X, L, C, D, M), the subtractive notation principle, and convert any modern year or number accurately.
Roman Numerals on Classic Clocks: Notice IX (10 – 1 = 9) and XII (10 + 2 = 12)
The 7 Roman Symbols Reference
| Symbol | I | V | X | L | C | D | M |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | 1 | 5 | 10 | 50 | 100 | 500 | 1,000 |
The 6 Subtractive Pairs (Avoiding 4 Repeats)
| Subtractive Pair | Meaning | Value | Avoids Writing |
|---|---|---|---|
| IV | 5 − 1 | 4 | IIII |
| IX | 10 − 1 | 9 | VIIII |
| XL | 50 − 10 | 40 | XXXX |
| XC | 100 − 10 | 90 | LXXXX |
| CD | 500 − 100 | 400 | CCCC |
| CM | 1000 − 100 | 900 | DCCCC |
Try It Yourself
Open Roman Numerals Converter →Practice with Our Interactive Roman Numerals Converter
Check your calculations or explore full step-by-step solutions instantly.
Your Turn!
Score: 0 / 3Check Your Understanding (3 Quick Questions)
Question 1: What is the year 2026 in Roman Numerals?
Question 2: What number does XC represent?
Question 3: Which symbol is NOT a valid Roman numeral?
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